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Authors: N. Aydan Sat

Abstract: The popularity of polycentricity has been increasing in recent years. European spatial planning literature and policy documents that emphasize the positive effects of polycentricity can be one of the reason increase in the popularity of the concept. Although not as clear and planned as in European countries, it is argued that, Turkey’s metropolitan cities are also evolving from monocentric spatial structure to polycentric ones. However, there is no empirical study on the measurement of this spatial evolution at national and micro-regional scale in Turkey. From this point of view, this study aims to clarify changes in the morphological structure of Turkey from 2000 to 2016 at national and micro-regional scales and to examine the proposition of ‘the spatial configurations of the settlements, especially metropolitans, have been evolving from monocentric to polycentric as results of the dynamics of the 21st century’ in Turkey case. The results of empirical analyses show that there is a possibility for Turkey to be a more monocentric in following years if the historical trends continuous.

Keywords: Morphological Polycentricity, Rank-Size Rule, Primacy Index, Micro-Regional Analysis, Turkey

DOI: 10.5937/gp22-15726

Article info: 1-13

Received: August 22, 2017 | Revised: November 13, 2017 | Accepted: November 14, 2017

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Authors: Gábor Vasárus, Péter Bajmócy, József Lennert

Abstract: Because of the special settlement system in Hungary a municipality can be divided into three parts, the central inner area (core city), other inner areas (incorporated settlements) and outskirts. Because of this system and special settlement network, the process of suburbanisation in Hungary has some unique characteristics. In this paper we examined the spatial structure and social properties of the rural-urban fringe of four Hungarian cities, with emphasise on the other inner areas and the outskirts. The outskirts are mostly scattered or interim habitations within the administrative limits of a city or village but these are usually separated from the main built-up areas and almost all of them characterised remote-rural-like infrastructure and way of life. This spatial structure resulted in the phenomenon of the suburbanisation within city limits. Our research aims to examine how it influenced local society and land use pattern in the rural parts of the agglomerations. The used method was based on a questionnaire involving 1800 households and census of outskirts plots in the sample area of a middle-sized city in West Hungary. During this process, residents tend to change their living conditions to a more rural one without leaving the municipality, thus areas of former villages and outskirts attracted 55.1% of suburban movement outside of Budapest Agglomeration since 1990. Most of the residents came from the city to rural milieu and their main motivations were low utility costs, gardening opportunities and slow lifestyle. A significant part of them is especially looking for remote-rural-like environment and community, however they want to stay close to the city. A high proportion of migrants have low-income and disadvantages. The repeated expansion of modest houses resulted in a chaotic townscape that is creating conflicts within neighbourhoods. Even villages, incorporated villages and outskirts, which are at the same distance from the city centre, show significant differences in rurality, suburban motivations and society. The rural-urban fringe transformed into a highly complex spatial and social structure during post-socialist transformation, therefore the existing urban and spatial development methods of Hungarian Administration are not able to handle this phenomenon.

Keywords: conflicts, post-socialist urbanisation, inhabited outskirts, segregation

DOI: 10.5937/22-16572

Article info: 14-29

Received: November 03, 2017 | Revised: December 31, 2017 | Accepted: January 9, 2018

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Authors: Vahid Rahdari, Alireza Soffianian, Saeid Pourmanafi, Razieh Mosadeghi,Hamid Ghaiumi Mohammadi

Abstract: Remote sensing data analysis can provide thematic maps describing land-use and land-cover (LULC) in a short period. Using proper image classification method in an area, is important to overcome the possible limitations of satellite imageries for producing land-use and land-cover maps. In the present study, a hierarchical hybrid image classification method was used to produce LULC maps using Landsat Thematic mapper TM for the year of 1998 and operational land imager OLI for the year of 2016. Images were classified using the proposed hybrid image classification method, vegetation cover crown percentage map from normalized difference vegetation index, Fisher supervised classification and object-based image classification methods. Accuracy assessment results showed that the hybrid classification method produced maps with total accuracy up to 84 percent with kappa statistic value 0.81. Results of this study showed that the proposed classification method worked better with OLI sensor than with TM. Although OLI has a higher radiometric resolution than TM, the produced LULC map using TM is almost accurate like OLI, which is because of LULC definitions and image classification methods used.

Keywords: Error matrix, Hierarchical classification, Iran, land use/cover, Plasjan sub-basin

DOI: 10.5937/22-16620

Article info: 30-39

Received: August 22, 2017 | Revised: October 6, 2017 | Accepted: November 27, 2017

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Authors: Vuk Tvrtko Opačić, Amra Banda

Abstract: For better development of alternative tourism supply in mountain tourism destinations it is necessary to identify and evaluate tourism attractions that could be better valorised when creating tourism products. It is an essential part of the destination analysis to determine perception of local population and tourists when evaluating tourism attractiveness. Olympic Mountain Bjelašnica in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a representative case study of mountain tourism destination, whose recent phase of tourism development is characterized by a variety of tourism supply that allows practicing many forms of tourism with the dominance of the winter tourist season and the skiing tourism of mass character. The principal aim of the study is to determine the differences in the evaluation of tourism attractions of alternative tourism in tourism supply of Bjelašnica within and between group of local residents and tourists. Direct survey was conducted during the summer 2016 and sample included 98 local residents and 111 tourists. Results show: a) tourists evaluate most of attractions higher then local residents, b) some attractions are higher evaluated by younger and more educated local residents, c) older tourists evaluate cultural and historical heritage better, while tourists with college degree are most satisfied with tourism and recreational infrastructure considering the age, gender and level of education, and d) all clusters of attractions are rated as more attractive by tourists who stay at purpose-built mountain tourist resort Babin Do, compared to those in Bjelašnica’s villages. Results can be applied as a guideline to raise local residents’ awareness of tourism attractions and developing more specific tourism supply that will address not solely mass tourism, but also alternative forms of tourism.

Keywords: tourism attractions, tourism supply, mountain tourism, alternative forms of tourism, Bjelašnica, Bosnia and Herzegovina

DOI: 10.5937/22-16621

Article info: 40-53

Received: May 13, 2017 | Revised: December 08, 2017 | Accepted: December 27, 2017

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Authors: Darko Gavrilović, Goran Vasin, Dejan Mikavica, Smiljana Đukičin Vučković, Ljubica Ivanović Bibić, Rastislav Stojsavljević

Abstract: This paper studies the formation and development of the Bosnian town of Teslić from the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 to the end of the First World War in 1918. The goal is to emphasize the significant characteristics of the town’s development: the spread of capitalism; economic modernization; the arrival of a non-Slavic, predominantly German population; and the town as the leader of industrialization in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The industrial origin of Teslić and its structure demonstrate Austria-Hungary’s need to economically integrate Bosnia and Herzegovina into its state area. The aim of this paper is to show to what extent the dynamics of industrial development influenced the town’s formation and to see how the colonist population, which was mostly of German origin, influenced the industrial development and social life of the town.

Keywords: German settlers, industrial town, development, Bosnia, Teslić

DOI: 10.5937/22-16623

Article info: 54-67

Received: September 06, 2017 | Revised: January 07, 2018 | Accepted: January 18, 2018

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Authors: Ondřej Šerý, Hana Svobodová, Zdeněk Šilhan, Zdeněk Szczyrba

Abstract: The shrinking of cities is a process that accompanies cities in post-conjunctural changes, when they are entering a phase of economic decline and the decline in population connected with it.The OstravaKarviná area is one of the economically problematic regions in the Czech Republic nowadays but it used to be ranked as one of the economic heartlands in the period of socialism. The region, dependent on bituminous coal mining and heavy industry, gradually began to decline after the year 1989 and one of the consequences is a significant decline in its population. This paper deals with identification of the causes and consequences of shrinking cities explained through the example of the town of Karviná through an analysis of quantitative data, questionnaire surveys, and semi-structured interviews. The questionnaire survey revealed that the main reason causing the departure of young and educated citizens is the lack of work opportunities. High unemployment and thus the presence of many socially disadvantaged people causes the atmosphere in the city to deteriorate, and this is accompanied by social problems, such as ageing of the population or criminality. Lack of safety of citizens and a bad environment are other reasons why young people leave the city. The decreasing number of citizens closes the vicious circle by leading to a lower demand for services, closing of shops and other services and increasing numbers of empty houses and flats. Another essential part of the paper is the question of possible measures by the local authority leading to the elimination of these undesirable phenomena, but also the belief in the necessity of help from the government.

Keywords: shrinking city; depopulation; Karviná; economically problematic region; questionnaire surveys; semi-structured interviews

DOI: 10.5937/22-16622

Article info: 68-80

Received: September 06, 2017 | Revised: January 07, 2018 | Accepted: January 18, 2018