Geographica Pannonica Vol.22-1
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July 23, 2026Geographica Pannonica - Volume 21, Issue 4
Volume 21, Issue 4 content (click on a plus button for more):
FREQUENCY AND SEASONALITY OF FLASH FLOODS IN SLOVENIA
Authors: Tajan Trobec
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to assess and analyse the dynamics of flash flooding events in Slovenia. The paper examines in particular the frequency of flash floods and their seasonal distribution. The methodology is based on the analysis of historical records and modern flood data. The results of a long-term frequency analysis of 138 flash floods that occurred between 1550 and 2015 are presented. Because of the lack of adequate historical flood data prior to 1950 the main analysis is based on data for the periodbetween1951 and2015, while the analysis of data for the period between1550 and1950 is added as a supplement to the main analysis. Analysis of data for the period after 1950 shows that on average 1.3 flash floods occur each year in Slovenia. The linear trend for the number of flash floods is increasing but is not statistically significant. Despite the fact that the majority of Slovenian rivers have one of the peaks in spring and one of the lows in summer, 90% of flash floods actually occur during meteorological summer or autumn – i.e. between June and November, which shows that discharge regimes and flood regimes are not necessarily related. Because of the lack of flood records from the more distant past as well as the large variability of flash flood events in the last several decades, we cannot provide a definitive answer to the question about possible changes in their frequency and seasonality by relying solely on the detected trends. Nevertheless, considering the results of analysis and future climate change scenarios the frequency of flash floods in Slovenia could increase while the period of flash flood occurrence could be extended
Keywords: flash floods, historical flood records, flood frequency, flood seasonality, climate change, Slovenia
Article info: 198-211
Received: June 30, 2017 | Revised: August 10, 2017 | Accepted: August 28, 2017
VARIABILITY OF EXTREME WET EVENTS OVER MALAWI
Authors: Brigadier Libanda, Mie Zheng, Noel Banda
Abstract: Adverse effects of extreme wet events are well documented by several studies around the world. These effects are exacerbated in developing countries like Malawi that have insufficient risk reduction strategies and capacity to cope with extreme wet weather. Ardent monitoring of the variability of extreme wet events over Malawi is therefore imperative. The use of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) has been recommended by many studies as an effective way of quantifying extreme wet events. In this study, ETCCDI indices were used to examine the number of heavy, very heavy, and extremely heavy rainfall days; daily and five-day maximum rainfall; very wet and extremely wet days; annual wet days and simple daily intensity. The Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) was employed at 5% significance level before any statistical test was done. Trend analysis was done using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall statistical test. All stations were found to be homogeneous apart from Mimosa. Trend results show high temporal and spatial variability with the only significant results being: increase in daily maximum rainfall (Rx1day) over Karonga and Bvumbwe, increase in five-day maximum rainfall (Rx5day) over Bvumbwe. Mzimba and Chileka recorded a significant decrease in very wet days (R95p) while a significant increase was observed over Thyolo. Chileka was the only station which observed a significant trend (decrease) in extremely wet rainfall (R99p). Mzimba was the only station that reported a significant trend (decrease) in annual wet-day rainfall total (PRCPTOT) and Thyolo was the only station that reported a significant trend (increase) in simple daily intensity (SDII). Furthermore, the findings of this study revealed that, during wet years, Malawi is characterised by an anomalous convergence of strong south-easterly and north-easterly winds. This convergence is the main rain bringing mechanism to Malawi.
Keywords: Extreme wet events, frequency, rainfall intensity, Malawi, Africa
DOI: 10.5937/gp21-16075
Article info: 212-223
Received: July 31, 2017 | Revised: September 16, 2017 | Accepted: September 21, 2017
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS BASED ON A SMALL FORMAT ACTION CAMERA IN A NORTH-EAST HUNGARIAN SAMPLE AREA
Authors: Norbert Barkóczi, Gergely Szabó
Abstract: The use of the small format digital action cameras has been increased in the past few years in various applications, due to their low budget cost, flexibility and reliability. We can mount these small cameras on several devices, like unmanned air vehicles (UAV) and create 3D models with photogrammetric technique. Either creating or receiving these kind of databases, one of the most important questions will always be that how accurate these systems are, what the accuracy that can be achieved is. We gathered the overlapping images, created point clouds, and then we generated 21 different digital surface models (DSM). The differences based on the number of images we used in each model, and on the flight height. We repeated the flights three times, to compare the same models with each other. Besides, we measured 129 reference points with RTK-GPS, to compare the height differences with the extracted cell values from each DSM. The results showed that higher flight height has lower errors, and the optimal air base distance is one fourth of the flying height in both cases. The lowest median was 0.08 meter, at the 180 meter flight, 50 meter air base distance model. Raising the number of images does not increase the overall accuracy. The connection between the amount of error and distance from the nearest GCP is not linear in every case.
Keywords: Agisoft Photo Scan, airborne imagery, drone, DSM, photogrammetry
Article info: 224-224
Received: June 27, 2017 | Revised: September 6, 2017 | Accepted: October 3, 2017
PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPATIAL PLAN OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA UNTIL 2015 – QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Branislav Bijelić, Dejan Đorđević
Abstract: The implementation of spatial plans in the Republic of Srpska is certainly the weakest phase of the process of spatial planning in this entity. It is particularly evident in the case of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Srpska until 2015 which is the highest strategic spatial planning document in the Republic of Srpska. More precisely, the implementation of spatial plans has been defined as the carrying out of spatial planning documents, i.e. planning propositions as defined in the spatial plans. For the purpose of this paper, a quantitative analysis of the implementation of the planning propositions envisioned by this document has been carried out. The difference between what was planned and what was implemented at the end of the planning period (ex-post evaluation of planning decisions) is presented in this paper. The weighting factor is defined for each thematic field and planning proposition, where the main criterion for determining the weighting factor is the share of the planning proposition and thematic field in the estimated total costs of the plan (financial criterion). The paper has also tackled the issue of the implementation of the Spatial Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 1981 – 2000, as well as of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Srpska 1996 – 2001 – Phased Plan for the period 1996 – 2001, as the previous strategic spatial planning documents of the highest rank covering the area of the Republic of Srpska. The research results have proven primary hypothesis of the paper that the level of the implementation of Spatial Plan of the Republic of Srpska until 2015 is less than 10%.
Keywords: implementation, spatial plan, planning proposition, quantitative analysis, ex-post evaluation
Article info: 235-242
Received: July 9, 2017 | Revised: October 3, 2017 | Accepted: October 28, 2017
TOURIST MARKET SEGMENTATION BY MOTIVATION TO SHOP: A CASE STUDY OF ISTANBUL, TURKEY
Authors: István Egresi
Abstract: Previous research has indicated that shopping could make up for a significant part of the tourist experience and could provide significant benefits to destinations by contributing to local retail revenue and by generating many jobs. In order to design better marketing strategies, destination managers must understand what attracts tourists to a destination and makes them shop while there. However, tourists represent a heterogeneous group and subgroups of individuals are motivated to visit a destination for a variety of reasons. The primary purpose of this study is to segment tourist shoppers visiting Istanbul according to their motivation to shop. Five distinctive groups of ‘product-focused shoppers’, ‘shoppers for cultural experience’, ‘reluctant shoppers’, ‘difference seekers’ and ‘total shoppers’ were found and compared by the geographical origin of the tourists, their socio-demographic characteristics, travel characteristics and behaviour, primary motivation for the trip, activity participation and shopping preferences and attitudes. The findings indicate that destination marketers must develop their strategies and marketing products to address the heterogeneity of motivations underlying tourist shopping.
Keywords: shopping tourism, shopping motivation, market segmentation, Istanbul, Turkey
Article info: 243-260
Received: March 8, 2017 | Revised: September 21, 2017 | Accepted: October 13, 2017
THE MODERATING EFFECT OF TOURISM BY-PRODUCTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM CORE PRODUCTS AND DESTINATION IMAGE (SARAWAK, MALAYSIA)
Authors: Mohd Salehuddin Mohd Zahari, Mohd Hafiz HanafiahA, Emaria Ahmad, Nur Adilah Md Zain
Abstract: This paper reports an empirical investigation on the moderating effects of the tourism by- products in building Sarawak destination image. Using causal research design through a quantitative method, selfreported and self-administered questionnaire, this study surveyed international tourists who had visited Sarawak and experienced the state core tourism products which include purchasing the local tourism by-products. Through the descriptive and inferential statistics, some useful insights about the issue investigated were significantly obtained. It’s interesting to note that besides experiencing the tourism core products, the Sarawak Tourism by-products are also catching the international tourist’s attention. The moderating effect of tourism by-products on the relationship between tourism core products (culture, adventure, and nature) and Sarawak destination image was empirically confirmed. In fact, in addition to the core culture, adventure and nature product, the local tourism by- products undeniably building and strengthening the image of Sarawak as a tourist destination. This promising indication is, therefore, should not be ignored by the state government, tourism authority, tour operators, the local government, hotels and other related local authorities.
Keywords: Tourism by-products, culture, adventure, nature, destination image
Article info: 261-273
Received: April 6, 2017 | Revised: May 30, 2017 | Accepted: August 10, 2017